Types of conjunction
Different types of conjunctions link
information in different ways. It is important to know which conjunctions
establish which types of links.
There are five main types of
conjunction in English.
1. Conjunctions of addition and
replacement
Additive conjunctions simply add
more information to what is already there. Examples of additive conjunctions
include:
and, also, in addition, not only … but also, moreover,
further, besides.
Example:
The study used a small sample
only and was strongly criticized for this reason. Furthermore,
the initial premise of the research was considered questionable in the light of
previous evidence.
Conjunctions of replacement replace
one piece of information with another. That is, they offer an alternative.
Conjunctions of replacement include the words:
or, or else, alternatively.
Example :
The results could be interpreted to
mean that high levels of protein are beneficial to diet generally. Alternatively,
they could also mean that high protein levels are only beneficial to severely
overweight males.
2. Conjunctions of comparison,
contrast and concession
Comparative conjunctions are used to
link two ideas that are considered to be similar. Comparative conjunctions
include the terms:
in the same way, likewise, just as, both … and.
Example :
Reading aloud to young children
stimulates their interest in books. Similarly, visiting libraries
or book fairs has been shown to increase children’s readiness to engage with
print.
Contrastive conjunctions link two
ideas that are considered to be different. Examples of contrastive conjunctions
include:
but, however, in contrast, on the contrary, instead,
nevertheless, yet, still, even so, neither … nor.
Example :
This evidence points clearly to a
fall in the number of unemployed. On the other hand, anecdotal
evidence from reputable charities suggests that the number of people seeking
financial support has increased.
Concessive conjunctions are a
subgroup of contrastive conjunctions. They are used to contrast one idea with
another where one piece of information appears to be surprising or unexpected
in view of the other idea. Examples of concessive conjunctions include:
though,
although, despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, whereas, while.
Example :
Even though money has been poured into literacy programs,
literacy levels among 12-15 year olds do not appear to be improving.
Perfect
Modal Verbs
Modal verb + have + past participle
The Future
Perfect Tense
Unlike all the other modals above, will is
used for the future:
Subject +
will + have + past participle
Singular
|
Plural
|
I will have lived
|
We will have lived
|
You will have lived
|
You will have lived
|
He will have lived
|
|
She will have lived
|
They will have lived
|
It will have lived
|
This is a difficult tense to use. It describes an
action that will be completed in the future.
For example:
I moved to
Minnesota in 1991. The year now is 2008.
By 2011, I will have lived in
Minnesota for 20 years.